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Genitourinary
14 entries across 2 regions · 68 questions
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Abdomen
- Inguinal canalHY Space / regionOblique passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall carrying the spermatic cord or round ligament. It's the site of indirect and direct inguinal hernias, the most common hernias overall.
- KidneyHY OrganPaired retroperitoneal organs at T12–L3, with the right kidney slightly lower than the left. Stones, pyelonephritis, renal cell carcinoma and trauma are the key clinical problems.
- Spermatic cordHY OrganBundle of structures running between the deep inguinal ring and the testis. It carries the ductus deferens, testicular vessels and pampiniform plexus, and is involved in varicocele, torsion and inguinal hernia.
- UreterHY OrganMuscular tube carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. Its three narrow points are where stones lodge, and its pelvic course puts it at risk during gynecologic surgery.
Pelvis & Perineum
- Ductus deferens and seminal glands OrganThick-walled muscular duct carrying sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct, joined behind the bladder by the seminal gland. It is cut in vasectomy and absent in men with cystic fibrosis.
- Pelvic autonomic nervesHY NerveSympathetic hypogastric nerves and parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2–S4) that meet in the inferior hypogastric plexus to control the bladder, rectum and sexual function. They are at risk in prostate and rectal surgery.
- Pelvic diaphragmHY MuscleFunnel-shaped muscular floor of the pelvis formed by levator ani and coccygeus. It supports the pelvic organs and maintains urinary and fecal continence; its weakening underlies pelvic organ prolapse and stress incontinence.
- PenisHY OrganMale copulatory and urinary organ made of three erectile bodies — two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum around the urethra. Erectile dysfunction, priapism, penile fracture and phimosis/paraphimosis are its key problems.
- Perineal pouchesHY Space / regionTwo fascial compartments of the urogenital triangle, separated by the perineal membrane. Their fascial attachments determine where urine spreads after urethral injury and how Fournier gangrene tracks.
- PerineumHY Space / regionDiamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into the urogenital and anal triangles. The perineal body at its center is torn in obstetric lacerations, and saddle anesthesia here signals cauda equina syndrome.
- ProstateHY OrganWalnut-sized gland around the prostatic urethra below the bladder. BPH arises in the transition zone and carcinoma mostly in the peripheral zone, which is the part felt on digital rectal exam.
- Testis and epididymisHY OrganPaired male gonads in the scrotum with the epididymis along their back. Torsion is a surgical emergency, and aortic blood supply plus para-aortic lymph drainage reflect the testis's descent from the abdomen.
- UrethraHY OrganTube from the bladder to the exterior — about 18–20 cm and S-shaped in males, about 4 cm in females. The site of the injury determines where extravasated urine goes, and urethral injury must be excluded before catheterizing a trauma patient.
- Urinary bladderHY OrganDistensible muscular reservoir for urine lying behind the pubis. Its autonomic control explains neurogenic bladder, and rupture type (intraperitoneal vs extraperitoneal) decides management.